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The ultimate guide to heat pumps

Everything you need to know about the most efficient HVAC technology on the market.

Everything you need to know about the most efficient HVAC technology on the market.

Heat pumps can make your house feel great in all seasons, but it can be tricky to sort through your options.

Here’s everything you need to know about this smart and efficient climate control technology.

Table of contents:

What’s a heat pump?

A heat pump is the smarter, cleaner way to heat, cool, dehumidify and purify the air in your home, and it’s an all-in-one replacement for your existing HVAC systems. 

It’s called a heat pump because it controls your home’s climate by redistributing the heat that’s already in the air.

In the winter, it extracts heat from the outside environment and moves it inside your home. In the summer, the process is reversed: The heat pump takes heat from inside your home and moves it outside.

The end result? Your home feels great all year and you use less energy year-round.

It’s a pretty simple concept that adds up to comfortable and energy-efficient climate control throughout your home.

outdoor heat pump condenser unit against white house exterior
In the summer, the heat pump moves heat outside of your house, leaving fresh, cool air behind.

You may not have heard much about heat pumps, but that doesn’t mean they’re new. In fact, a traditional air conditioning unit is technically a heat pump—both systems work by removing heat energy from your home and transferring it to another location.

The major operational difference is that the heat pump can also transfer heat into your home, so it can replace your heating system as well as your air conditioner—and do both jobs much more efficiently than traditional HVAC systems. Read heat pumps vs. AC to learn more about the pros and cons of each.

(A heat pump also dehumidifies and filters your home, so it’s a win-win-win.)

Illustrated GIF of a heat pump pulling in heat energy inside a home to heat a home on a cold day
During the winter, the heat pump finds heat in the air outside and brings it inside. The heat pump is able to find enough heat in the atmosphere to heat your home—even in sub-zero temperatures.

Heat pumps are common in many countries (even countries with very hot or cold climates), and they’re found in architecturally famous buildings all over the world, such as Buckingham Palace and Shanghai Tower.

And heat pump demand in the U.S. has doubled in the past decade—in 2019 alone, 3.11 million heat pumps were shipped to the U.S. to be sold.

As the movement toward clean energy gathers speed, heat pumps are becoming the new standard in American homes.

You could cut up to 50% of your energy use when combining a new heat pump with high-performance insulation and professional air sealing upgrades with Sealed. Learn how.

Can a heat pump cool a whole house?

Yes. In fact, it’s one of the leading HVAC technologies available for both heating and cooling your home. Depending on the type of heat pump system installed, you can even accomplish precise temperature control room by room.

How do heat pumps work?

Heat pumps (sometimes called ductless air conditioners or mini-splits—more on that later) control household climates by extracting and moving the heat in the air, but different kinds of heat pumps do that in slightly different ways.

Let’s look at the two broad categories of heat pump technology.

The different kinds of heat pump systems

There are a two main types of heat pumps that are used as HVAC systems:

  • Air-source heat pumps (including ductless mini-splits)
  • Geothermal heat pumps

Air-source heat pumps

An air-source heat pump system (also commonly called an air-to-air heat pump) operates just as you might assume: It moves heat from the air inside your home to the air outside of your home (and vice versa).

Broadly speaking, an air source heat pump is made up of two main components which work in tandem: an outdoor condensing unit—which often looks like a traditional air-conditioning system—and an indoor air-handling unit or units. 

outdoor heat pump condenser unit on exterior of white new construction home
The outdoor condensing unit is smaller than a traditional central air conditioner condensing system.

Air-to-air heat pumps are the most common in the U.S., and when you hear people talking about installing a heat pump, this is usually the kind they mean. That’s mostly because air-source heat pumps are the easiest kind of heat pump to install and maintain, and they provide excellent comfort and lifetime value.

Air-source heat pumps are also popular because they come in both ducted and ductless versions. Both systems use an outdoor condensing unit—the major difference between ducted and ductless heat pumps is the way they handle the air inside your home. 

The ductless heat pump uses small wall-mounted units (called mini-splits or mini-split AC) to distribute and handle air. These are placed strategically throughout your home to ensure every corner feels great.

A mini split heat pump unit is featured in a primary, modern bedroom that is well-decorated and well-lit with natural light
The indoor mini-split unit in this bedroom blends into the overall home decor.

Meanwhile, ducted heat pump systems rely on a single air-handling unit called a standard split, which redirects conditioned air throughout your home.

(Since there’s only one standard-split, it’s significantly larger than a mini-split—you’ll often find it tucked away in a basement.)

The scientific principle for both systems is the same. And whether you choose a ducted or ductless air-source heat pump, rest assured: your house will feel great.

Air sealing and insulating your home—also sometimes referred to as whole house weatherization—at the same time as installing an air-source heat pump can make a night-and-day difference in your everyday comfort level. And it’s one of the smartest HVAC strategies on the market, as it increases the lifespan and performance of your heat pump.

Casual, well-lit living room kept comfortable by a ducted heat pump system vented centrally through living room ceiling
A ducted heat pump system distributes air through vents, as pictured in this living room ceiling, just like traditional central air conditioning or forced air heat.

Geothermal heat pumps

Geothermal heat pumps work a little differently: Instead of using an outside unit to exchange heat energy, they’re engineered to move heat to and from the earth (or a water source).

These systems take advantage of the fact that the temperature of the ground and water around your home stays relatively constant, and so, once installed, they’re a bit more efficient than a standard air-source unit. 

Despite some gains in efficiency, geothermal heat pumps aren’t as common in private households because they’re more complicated and expensive to install.

Geothermal systems are installed under the ground or in water, so the installation process itself can be intrusive and lengthy. And servicing geothermal systems can also present challenges, since you’ll need to excavate the underground component to do certain repairs.

Geothermal vs. air source: Which is better?

For the vast majority of private homes, an air-source heat pump system provides the best mix of comfort, efficiency, and value.

In fact, air-to-air heat pump technology has advanced so much in recent years that the difference in efficiency between a geothermal and air-source heat pump is minimal (and there are easier, less-expensive ways to make your home more comfortable than digging up your lawn).

That said, a geothermal system can be a great choice for homes over 5,000 square feet or for very large industrial buildings. Tap here to learn more about the different types of heat pumps (and some less common subtypes).

For a deeper dive, read Air source heat pump vs. geothermal heat pump for pros and cons.

Heat pumps redistribute heat that’s already present in the environment. Transferring heat energy doesn’t require as much electricity as producing it.

Why is a heat pump more efficient?

Heat pumps are extremely energy-efficient. According to the Department of Energy, installing an air-source heat pump can cut your electric bill in half (compared to baseboard heaters and furnaces)—a massive drop.

So how and why do heat pumps use energy so efficiently?

The biggest reason: Heat pumps don’t produce heat at all. Instead, they redistribute heat that’s already present in the environment.

Transferring heat energy doesn’t require as much electricity as producing it, so heat pumps can keep every room in the house comfortable—for a much lower energy cost.

Check out the video below for a quick explainer.

Of course, a lower energy use isn’t the only reason to get an energy-efficient heat pump system—conventional heating and cooling systems aren’t very kind to our planet.

In New York, for example, traditional HVAC causes 32% of the greenhouse gas emissions and is responsible for a whopping 37% of the state’s energy consumption.

Opting for a heat pump system instead is better for you, the earth, and future generations.

For a deeper look into why heat pumps are such a smart way to heat your home, check out our heat pump vs. furnace or heat pump vs. boiler resources.

According to the EIA, 51% of your home’s energy consumption is for heating and cooling alone. Heat pumps can help cut that energy waste!

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a heat pump?

Now, let’s talk pros and cons of heat pumps for houses. Here’s why you might consider replacing your standard heating and cooling system with a heat pump system (and a few reasons why it might not be right for you).

Let’s get the cons out of the way first.

Disadvantages of heat pumps

We love heat pumps (can you tell?), but there are a few disadvantages, depending on your preferences.

  1. Cost
  2. Feel of the heat
  3. Appearance

Cost

First, let’s address the expense. The cost of installing a quality heat pump system is roughly equal to the cost of buying both a traditional air conditioning and heating system at the same time. In some cases, it’s even more expensive, and that can deter homeowners from considering a heat pump at all. 

But cost doesn’t necessarily need to be an obstacle. And when you look at the lifetime value of a heat pump, the financial picture changes.

Heat pumps are the Tesla of HVAC options. They provide fantastic energy and cost efficiency and, if they’re well-maintained, they can last for 15 years or more.

Even better, Sealed can help you get a heat pump system installed at no upfront cost.

“Feel” (of the heat) 

A heat pump isn’t designed to replicate the feel of heat that comes from a furnace or boiler. Instead, its continuous airflow system ensures every place in your home consistently feels warm—not hot, but warm. 

Most people love how their home feels after they install a heat pump, but if you’re someone who wants their home to feel “toasty,” you might want to supplement your heat pump with an additional heating solution for the coldest days of the year (which can often be built right into or directly connected to the heat pump system).

Appearance

First of all, know that heat pump systems include a visible outdoor unit—just like with a traditional AC system. So you’ll need to make space for that unit and plan your landscaping accordingly (it’s generally pretty simple to hide it with shrubs).

There’s nothing wrong with how a heat pump looks, but they’re also not walking down the runway at fashion week. If you select a ductless mini-split system, for example, you’ll need wall-units installed at strategic points throughout your home.

These units are designed to be as unobtrusive as possible, but they’re not invisible. If you’re someone who places a premium on interior design, you’ll need to think about how to incorporate a mini-split heat pump into your aesthetic. (Learn how to camouflage a mini split unit here.)

mini split indoor units can blend into home decor
A mini-split unit blends into the background in this kitchen

Benefits of heat pumps (a much longer list)

Here are some of the best things about heat pumps:

  1. Better home comfort
  2. Easy to live with
  3. Healthier air at home
  4. All-in-one HVAC system
  5. Flexible for your home’s needs
  6. Cleaner, greener energy
  7. Affordable (when you go with Sealed!)

Better comfort

Put simply, heat pumps are a life upgrade. They make your home feel amazing. Both heating and cooling throughout your home is more even and the continuous airflow ensures that every corner of your house is comfortable.

Also, if you choose a ductless mini-split system, you’ll get precise room-by-room temperature control. (Trust us: once you try it, you’ll never go back to one thermostat again. Traditional HVAC is like having one light switch for every lightbulb in your house.)

81% say their home comfort has improved by replacing their fossil fuel heaters with heat pumps.

Cool Products 2022 consumer analysis

Easy to live with

Heat pumps don’t produce odd smells, they’re whisper-quiet (especially the mid- to high-range models), and they don’t require much maintenance. Once your heat pump system is installed, it’s easy to have in your home.

Healthier air

Many heat pump systems have built-in filtration to keep micro-particles and other unwanted elements out of the air you’re breathing. And, since heat pumps are fully electric and don’t burn natural gas or oil inside your home, you and your family won’t be subject to fumes or dangerous carbon monoxide off-gassing.

All-in-one system

Since a heat pump replaces both your heating and cooling systems, it simplifies your home upkeep. You can install and maintain one system instead of two (and get a better climate control result, to boot). Read our heat pump vs. AC guide if you need more info.

Thinking that you’re close to needing an HVAC replacement? Learn when to replace your air conditioner or when to replace your heating system here.

Flexible

If you have electricity, you can get a heat pump—and there’s a heat pump system to fit every kind of residence.

Replacing a ducted HVAC system? A heat pump will fit right in and use your existing ductwork.

Don’t have ductwork? Or maybe you just need better climate control on one side of your home? You need a ductless mini-split heat pump. It’s an adaptable technology with plenty of options.

Cleaner, greener energy

Heat pumps are the greenest HVAC systems currently on the market. They’re fully powered by electricity, so they generate less carbon dioxide than traditional methods powered by oil, pellets or natural gas.

And heat pumps are incredibly efficient with the electricity they do use, so you’ll significantly reduce your home’s environmental footprint (and energy bill) by installing one.

Tap here to learn more about converting from oil to electric heat or switching from gas heat to electricity.

Affordable

Like any quality home upgrade, a heat pump can represent a significant expense to purchase and install.

But if you live in an eligible area, you can get a heat pump system installed for no upfront cost—then pay for it with the money you save on energy.

When you work with Sealed, your monthly expenses will hardly change, but your monthly comfort will be vastly improved. It’s a great option if you’re looking for better comfort with a lower environmental footprint.

Plus, heat pumps do such a good job of cutting energy waste, new federal tax credits and financial incentives encourage homeowners to save energy by upgrading. Read What heat pump tax credits and rebates are available? to learn more.

How much maintenance does a heat pump need? 

A heat pump doesn’t need much maintenance—that’s one of the great benefits of heat pump technology. But you can keep your heat pump system running well with just a little upkeep.

  1. Change the filters
  2. Clear away debris
  3. Clean outdoor coils regularly
  4. Keep snow out of the way
  5. Get your heat pump inspected annually

Change the filters

You’ll need to change the filter(s) on a regular basis—once a month, if you use your system continuously, and less often if you use it sporadically. 

Clear away debris

Branches, leaves and other debris that gather around your outdoor unit can significantly impact your heat pump’s ability to do its job.

Heat pumps need about 2’ to 3’ of clearance all around, so keep an eye on the area and be sure to remove anything that lands around (or on top of!) your unit. 

Clean outdoor coils

If your condenser coils are dirty, your heat pump won’t be able to operate efficiently. So, once or twice a year, make a point to shut off the power and clean off the coils with a special solution.

Keep snow away  

If you live in a climate zone with significant snowfall, know that you’ll need to keep your outdoor unit clear of snow and ice.

(A properly-installed heat pump is raised from the ground to allow for melt and drainage, but it’s still a good idea to keep the area clear.)

Get your heat pump inspected

Heat pumps are durable, but you should have yours inspected once a year by a qualified HVAC technician. They’ll be able to identify potential problems before they become severe (and they can also give you tips on how to identify issues yourself).

Do I need ducts for a heat pump system?

No. One of the benefits of heat pump technology is that it’s flexible—you can install a heat pump system with or without existing ductwork.

If you already have ductwork, it’s easy to integrate a heat pump into your existing infrastructure. And if you don’t have ductwork in your home, you’ll install a mini-split heat pump system (also sometimes called a mini-split air conditioner)

Mini-splits are small wall-mounted units that send conditioned air directly into your home.

AC replacement: mini split indoor wall unit above a window

How many mini-splits do I need for my house?

The short answer? You’ll need 24,000 BTU per 1,000 square feet of space. 

But let’s unpack that a little more. To talk about this, first we need to talk about the acronym BTU. It stands for British Thermal Unit and is the standard measurement in the HVAC industry.

Essentially, we use BTU measurements to talk about how much heat energy a system can remove from a space. The bigger your indoor space, the more BTUs you’ll need your heat pump system to handle.

When HVAC technicians install a ducted heat pump system, they decide how many BTUs your overall system will need and select a size accordingly. But for a ductless heat pump system, that calculation is handled on a section-by-section basis.

To do this, technicians ask questions:

  • How many BTUs are necessary in your upstairs bedrooms?
  • How big is your downstairs?
  • Are there any major obstructions or barriers that interfere with airflow?

So figuring out how many mini-splits you’ll need can be a pretty complex calculation, but here’s a general rule of thumb: For every 1,000 square feet of space in your home, you’ll need system capacity (combined mini-splits or central) that’s capable of handling 24,000 BTUs. 

All that said, planning a mini-split strategy is a job best left to professionals—there are nuances for certain spaces of your home, such as high-traffic areas and kitchens or rooms with many windows.

(And if you go through Sealed, our technicians will figure all of this out for you when they design your new system.)

How much does a heat pump cost?

The cost of a heat pump system can vary based on the size of your house, layout of your space, where you live and whether or not you’ll use your existing ductwork or install a ductless mini-split system.

You’ll also need to consider the cost of professional installation… or any financing costs (if you choose to go that route).

Purchasing a climate control system for your home is a significant expense in any situation, and a heat pump system is no different. 

The best way to know how much a heat pump costs is to get a quote for your particular home.

That said, the economics of installing a heat pump for your house makes sense. First of all, if you live in an eligible area you can get your heat pump system installed for no upfront cost. (You’ll pay with the money you save on energy—and if you don’t save on energy, you won’t have to pay.)

If I don’t have to spend any extra money to get a huge improvement to my home, it’s just a no brainer at that point.


Scott. R, Sealed customer

But even if you pay for your heat pump out-of-pocket, they’re generally a great investment.

They significantly reduce your energy costs (especially if you also properly seal and insulate your home) and they’re relatively simple to maintain. Given that your heat pump is a complete HVAC solution that will replace both your heating and cooling system, it’s an excellent lifetime value for the money.

Want to find out if heat pumps are right for your home? Give us a call at 917-905-3788. Our home comfort and energy specialists are available to talk it through.

Sold on heat pumps? So are we. See if your home qualifies to get a high-performance heat pump system installed at no upfront cost with Sealed.

July 23, 2020